The Influence Of Follower Motivation - 1325 Words

In addition, she also uses behaviorism. Most notably, punishments are provided for undesirable behaviors. In turn, it discourages the likelihood that followers will repeat the behavior (Ben-Hur Kinley, 2015). For instance, employees that perform poorly and oftentimes dismissed. In fact, in one quarter during 2013, 600 of the lowest performing employees were dismissed (Lobello, 2013). Mayer claimed this improved the performance of employees that were not fired. Techniques Used to Influence Follower Motivation Zuckerberg and Mayer use drastically different strategies to influence follower motivation. Zuckerberg empowers and engages followers, communicates a compelling vision, intellectually inspires, encourages collective goals,†¦show more content†¦These behaviors can sabotage the organization’s goals, resources, and effectiveness and adversely affect the motivation, well-being, and job satisfaction of followers (Sheard, Kakabadse, Kakabadse, 2013). Leaders with self-destructive tendencies often not to intentionally harm the organization or followers, but because of their thoughtlessness and insensitivity they effectively do so (Sheard, Kakabadse, Kakabadse, 2013). Zuckerberg is impulsive and narcissistic. For example, Zuckerberg purchased Instagram on an impulse. In fact, the deal was set up and finalized in one weekend (Eaton, 2012). According to Lewis (n.d.), impulsive leaders can destabilize organizations. Further, impulsive leaders may tend to fire employees suddenly, which could create a constant fear of uncertainty among followers (Lewis, n.d.). Additionally, Zuckerberg was ranked the third most narcissistic CEO in the technology industry (Jackson, 2013). Narcissism is linked to the personalized use of power (Padilla, Hogan, Kaiser, 2007). Narcissists may test their judgment, which sometimes causes them to take unnecessary risks (Padilla, Hogan, Kaiser, 2007). Narcissism is also linked to overreach, so they tend to make ill-advised acquisitions and pay more than market value to acquire them (Padilla, Hogan, Kaiser, 2007). Like Zuckerberg, Mayer is also a

Lasting Legacies Essay - 2901 Words

Katrina Nguyen Victor Magagna Political Science 113A 8 December 2012 Lasting Legacies The impact of Confucianism in East Asia continues to mold and shape individuals’ actions so they can lead better lives that will have a positive effect on society. This can be achieved once the individual reaches a better understanding about their mutual obligations – that a proper society is revolved around give and take. It is the individuals who keep the lasting legacies of Confucianism through their patterns of knowledge and belief by understanding how the world actually works. The lasting legacies of Asian political thought and practice are also seen through moral reasoning and moral values, political thought and action, the economy and the†¦show more content†¦In East Asian tradition, one does not just simply reject an idea, but to tolerate it and incorporate into their tradition. This is simply the idea of interpenetrating boundaries because setting boundaries is to set one’s own limits. Human nature is also an aspect that helps humans to understand the patterns of knowledge and belief. According to East Asian traditions, they believe that human nature is not fixed at birth but a potential that could be developed. Our human nature is only a tendency, at best; we are improvable so it cannot be taken for granted. Humans are improvable through self-cultivation. Self-cultivation consists of will and sincerity. Humans must have to have the will and sincerity to improve themselves. Without sincerity, one will simply fail. This poses a political debate that if humans are cultivated and rational, then what should the role of government be in unlocking human nature. Whether government should be strong in its role or weak in terms of allowing its citizens to control and organize their own lives. It is inarguable that only a government with proper order can facilitate the development of human beings into self-cultivation. To be human, one must start with the personal cultivation of one’s own character, and then be in harmony with others by extending one’s virtue to others (de Bary, 179).Show MoreRelatedThe Lasting Legacy of Thomas Jefferson948 Words   |  4 Pagesthomas Jefferson The Lasting Legacy of Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson is one of the most influential presidents of the United States. Along with his successes and failures he proved to be a great president by leaving his legacy’s behind. A legacy is something someone has had handed down or left for future generations. Thomas Jefferson is one of the most influential people that left their legacies behind because his presidency commenced the quarter century rule of the Virginia Dynasty. He wasRead MoreHenry Ford s Lasting Legacy1483 Words   |  6 PagesHenry Ford’s Lasting Legacy â€Å"Any customer can have a car painted any colour that he wants so long as it is black.† (Henry Ford). Henry Ford is one of the world’s most renowned leaders for the automobile industry. The son of a farmer, Ford has always been interested in how things worked. He has improved the models of his cars to make manufacturing them faster and more efficient by using assembly lines. He also set a balance between his employees’ wages and hours worked. Ford never stopped innovatingRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Good And Lasting Legacy822 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare William Shakespeare left a good, lasting legacy that we see almost every day and we don t even know it s there. A legacy is something that you leave behind weather good or bad, Shakespeare s left a legacy of books and being thought as one of the greatest writers in the world. In William’s life he created many pieces of literature and words that people use everywhere today. We may not know a whole lot about William Shakespeare’s life but we can see that he was a veryRead MoreThe Lasting Legacy Of The Tuskegee Syphilis Study1752 Words   |  8 PagesThe Lasting Legacy of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study Passed down from generation to generation, African Americans have recounted the horror stories concerning the humiliation and abuse endured from the American medical community. The institution of systematic racism and discrimination leads Blacks further into a culture of untrusting those who have taken the sacred Hippocratic Oath. In the book Medical Apartheid author Harriet Washington (2006) uses the term â€Å"Black iatrophobia† to define the AfricanRead MoreEuropean Colonialism : A Lasting Legacies On Many Countries1062 Words   |  5 PagesEuropean colonialism has a lasting legacies on many African countries. European colonialism started in the late 1900’s and continued until after World War II. Colonialism is a system in which one country takes control of the political and economic affairs of another nation, and imposes policies to control another nation. In the 17th century colonizing parts of Africa became popular European countries. In the year 1677, France c olonized their first African country, Senegal. Specifically, an areaRead MoreJohann Sebastian Bach, And His Legacy And Lasting Impact After His Death1120 Words   |  5 Pageslimits of the time, and are of such a quality that they are still performed and enjoyed today, two hundred and sixty-three years after his death. In this paper, I will be writing about two main points: the life of Johann Sebastian Bach, and his legacy and lasting impact after his death. Johann Sebastian Bach was born in the town of Eisenach, which was the capital of Saxe-Eisenach , on March 21st, 1685. Bach was born into a musical family, his father, Johann Ambrosius Bach, serving as the director ofRead MoreLegacy Admission Should Not Be Allowed Since World War I1477 Words   |  6 Pages Legacy Admission As Peter Schmidt of the chronicle says, legacies originated after World War I to support the immigrant students, particularly Jews. When it became harder to control Jewish enrollment, in 1920’s most respected universities such as Harvard, Yale and Princeton considered legacy status. Since then it has raised the concerns for lower class families who did not attend good universities and their children wantedRead MoreAmerica Should Not Be Allowed Since World War I1525 Words   |  7 Pages As Peter Schmidt of the chronicle says, legacies originated after World War I to support the immigrant students, particularly Jews. When it became harder to control Jewish enrollment, in 1920’s most respected universities such as Harvard, Yale and Princeton considered legacy status. Since then it has raised the concerns for lower class families who did not attend good universities and their children wanted to attend but ended up not getting admission. In 2003, Se nator Edward KennedyRead More Software Maintenance Essay2606 Words   |  11 Pagessuch legacy systems remain, many are â€Å"mission-critical† whereby their failure may lead to the collapse of the business or industry in which they serve.   In such cases, it is ultimately not possible to decommission the system in question.   The present report investigates the nature of such systems and examines why legacy systems cause problems to Software Maintenance Managers?   This report also provides a brief overview as to how such problems can be minimised and controlled. Keywords: Legacy systemsRead MorePresident Carter Was A Good Guy1032 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican president, they are guaranteed remembrance. However, the main concern becomes how will their presidency be thought of? Will a positive or negative light reflect on their pages of the history textbooks? The last six presidents have left lasting legacies for the American people. Whether for good or not so good, these presidents have shaped the future of America. Jimmy Carter was a good guy. Unlike so many presidents before him, Carter came from a humble background with solid Southern Baptist

Postpartum Depression And Parent Child Relationships

Research Proposal: Postpartum Depression and Parent Child Relationships Adriana Tatoyan University of San Francisco May 11, 2016 Introduction Postpartum Depression Depression is a major public health problem that is twice as common in women as men during the childbearing years. Postpartum depression is defined as an episode of non-psychotic depression according to standardized diagnostic criteria with onset within 1 year of childbirth (Stewart D., et. al, 2003, p. 4). For women aged 15 to 44 years around the world, Postpartum Depression is second to HIV/AIDS, in terms of total disability (World Health Organization, 2001). Depression has a profound impact on parameters of interpersonal behavior. Post-Partum depression†¦show more content†¦42). The stress of caring for a newborn or even the circumstances surrounding labor and delivery may cause the first symptoms of PPD. Initial stressors related to labor, delivery, and bringing the baby home give way to new triggers (Dieta et al., 2007, 1516). Infant temperament can intensify or minimize a new mother’s PPD symptoms depending on the child’s sleep patterns, frequency of cr ying, being easygoing or demanding, and whether or not baby is socially reinforcing with smiles and coos (Perfetti et al., 2004, p. 57). Increasing guilt, overwhelmed feelings by child care responsibilities, and fear of being unable to cope can cause the mother to show less affection to her baby, and be less responsive to his cries (Kabir, 2006, p. 698). The infants in turn tend to be fussier and distant making less positive facial expressions and vocalizations (Beck C., 2006, p. 42). Hostile effects on the child continue throughout the first year after birth, but PPD places children of all ages at risk for impaired cognitive and emotional development as well as psychopathology (Beck C., 2006, p. 42). There are many different implications for why infants of mothers with PPD would be at risk for developing the inability for emotional regulation and healthy attachment relationships. Infants that fail to develop these abilities exhibit insecure attachments to their mothers (Peindl et al., 2004, p. 41-42). Due to the insecure attachment, they willShow MoreRelatedPostpartum Depression On The Mother And Parenting1463 Words   |  6 PagesFor this research paper, I decided to focus on postpartum depression. While being a listening ear, I was introduced to the reality that not every mother has the attachment to her child that almost every movie in Hollywood portrays. After hearing the story and not sure if it was a real thing, I began to search the web for information, stories, and news coverage related to the rarely-discussed category of depressed known as Postpartum Depression (PPD). I wanted to find solid proof that this was anRead MoreThe Effect Of A Mood Disorder On Maternal Behavio ral Outcomes1172 Words   |  5 Pagesbirth of a baby can provoke a lot of emotions. Mothers particularly can have a range of emotions, including depression. Many mothers experience postpartum â€Å"baby blues†. Baby blues include symptoms of crying, anxiety, mood swings, and problems sleeping for about two weeks (Postpartum, n.d.). However, postpartum depression (PPD) is more severe and long-term. Mothers with postpartum depression experience similar symptoms of baby blues, however these symptoms are more intense and extreme. This disorderRead MorePostpartum Depression : Symptoms And Treatment1700 Words   |  7 PagesWhen Postpartum Depression Leads to Psychosis According to authors Susan Dowd Stone and Alexis E. Menken postpartum depression can start during pregnancy which is called perinatal disorder (2008). During pregnancy, women can suffer through mood disorders which are a leading cause of postpartum depression. Women who are screened and diagnosed for depression are most likely to have postpartum depression. Doctors know to keep a close watch on these women who are found positive for depression. AfterRead MoreNegative Impact Of Postpartum Depression1413 Words   |  6 PagesNegative Impact of Postpartum Depression on Child Abuse Introduction: This psychological and behavioral study will analyze the impact of postpartum depression on women and the problem of child abuse related to this condition. Case studies find the circumstances of postpartum depression in women is directly related to the issue of previous child abuse and PTSD that have a negative impact on the newborn child. These factors define a significant correlation with postpartum depression in 1 out 9 womenRead MorePostpartum Depression : A Mental Health Disorder1414 Words   |  6 Pages Postpartum depression, or PPD, is a mental health disorder that occurs in women prior to the birth of a newborn infant. PPD is caused by a dramatic shift in hormones occurring anywhere from a month to a year after childbirth. Because of the hormonal changes, women may feel that pregnancy is a time of happiness, fear, excitement, exhaustion, and even sadness. Expecting mothers may also feel a multitude of emotions after delivery as well. Postpartum depression in new mothers is a debilitating illnessRead MoreDepressed Parents : A Child s Bad Behavior1631 Words   |  7 PagesCapstone Period 9 3-25-15 Depressed Parents Lead to Depressed Kids The finger is often pointed at the parents as an excuse for a child’s bad behavior, however this may be with good reason since parents have a huge affect on their child’s psychological development, leading to the way they act, good or bad. Raising a child to behave is not an easy task and this becomes considerably more difficult for parents suffering from some form of postpartum depression, parents who suffer from this are almost definitelyRead MorePostpartum Major Depression Essay899 Words   |  4 PagesPostpartum Major Depression Postpartum major depression is a type of depression that affecting as many as eighty percent of new mothers at some point in their childs first few weeks of infancy. Scientists have categorized their findings on postpartum depression into three basic categories. These include: the conditions surrounding the birth of the child, diagonosis and treatment of the disease, and the the long term affects of postpartum depression on the mother`s child. Postpartum major depressionRead MoreA Look At Postpartum Depression1224 Words   |  5 PagesTeaching Project: A Look at Postpartum Depression Andrea Childers Denver School of Nursing â€Æ' A Look at Postpartum Depression The family I chose to work with was a primigravid mother and a first time father. Both of the parents were relatively young, the mother being nineteen years old and the father being twenty years old. My first encounter with the family was when the mother was in active labor. It was obvious that the parents had many concerns regarding the birthing process and felt anxiousRead MoreMaternal Depression And Its Impact On Infant Health1144 Words   |  5 PagesMaternal Depression and its’ Impact on Infant Health â€Å"Maternal Depression† is a term that includes a range of depressive conditions, which impact mothers while pregnant and up to 12 months after delivery (NIHCM). Such depressive conditions include prenatal depression, postpartum depression and postpartum psychosis (NIHCM). In this paper, current literature that examines both prenatal depression and postpartum depression in relation to infant health will be reviewed. Prenatal depression includesRead MorePost Partum Depression Essay999 Words   |  4 Pageslong time and there is an 80% chance that post pregnant woman will become diagnosed with depression, which is when a person feels sad or down for a long period of time. But are these women getting all the help they need to recover psychologically from such changes? A woman can feel extremely overwhelmed with a newborn child to look after. Some begin to have threatening thoughts of harming themselves or their child, and in some cases they actually follow through such as Dena Schlosser who severed her

Q Manual free essay sample

There are many people whose valuable contributions to this edition of the Q Manual must be acknowledged. They include (in no particular order): Andrew Dixon, Coalfield Campus Library David Horn, Coalfield Campus Library Owen Hughes, Faculty of Business and Economics Sally Joy, Faculty of Business and Economics Lynn Macdonald, Faculty of Business and Economics Michael Scourge, Department of Accounting and Finance Claire Tanner, F-cults of Arts Our special thanks go to Lynn Macdonald and Claire Tanner for the many hours spent collating and editing the content and for coordinating production of the Q Manual.Without your efforts and patience, this edition could not have been published. Sincere thanks also go to my dear friend and colleague, Glenda Crossing, who has collaborated with me for many years on a number of significant educational projects for the faculty. A dedicated educator, Glenda works enthusiastically and tirelessly, keeping an open mind, and most importantly, always retaining her wonderful sense of humor! Glenda also thanks Nell for her collegiality, dedication, inspiration and hard work on this and other educational projects. Together, we have produced a publication that we hope will assist you in your tidies. Finally, we wish you a stimulating, challenging and rewarding learning experience throughout your undergraduate and postgraduate studies with the Faculty of Business and Economics. Nell Kimberley Department of Management Faculty of Business and Economics January, 2008 Glenda Crossing Education Adviser Faculty of Business and Economy CICS Chapter 1 Introduction 1. 1 Welcome Congratulations on your selection to study one of the courses offered by the Faculty of Business and Economics at Monish University.This manual is intended to provide you with information on how to produce quality work ND achieve the best possible results in your examinations. The major goal of the university is to assist you to obtain an excellent education so that you may take your place in society as a well-qualified graduate. It is important to note that while the courses provide the teaching support and the necessary framework for your studies, success can be achieved only through your personal commitment and dedication to hard work throughout all the years of your course.The following information is aimed at familiarizing you with the Monish University study environment and increasing your effectiveness s a Monish student, thereby enabling you to reach your potential. For those of you who are experiencing university level study for the first time, this manual will la y an important foundation and prepare you for a new world. 1. 2 Monish university Monish University was established in 1961 and named after General Sir John Monish (1865-1931 Sir John was a soldier, scholar and engineer, and the Commanding General of the Australian forces in France in World War 1.In addition, as the first Chairman of the State Electricity Commission, he took on the immense task of overseeing the development of the LaTrobe Valleys brown coal resources. Sir John was a man of wide interests and vast intellectual range. He was this country first Doctor of Engineering and exemplifies the University motto Anchor Impart (l am still learning). The university now has a population of more than 50,000 students from over 1 00 countries, who speak 90 languages. There are eight Monish campuses and two centers, in Italy and London. The primary pursuits of teaching and research are carried out in the universitys ten faculties. The faculties, which each cover a specific body of knowledge, are: Art and Design; Arts; Business and Economics; Education; Engineering; Information Technology; Law; Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences; Pharmacy; and Science. 1. 3 1 . 3. 1 Faculty of Business and Economics Goals The aim of the faculty is to use its scale, scope and unique internal diversity to become an international leader in the pursuit, dissemination and analysis of knowledge, particularly in the disciplines of accounting banking econometrics, economics, finance, management, marketing, and tourism.By the application of such knowledge, its staff and students will contribute to the economic, social and commercial development of Australia and other countries in an increasingly globalizes environment. 1 . 32 Faculty structure The Faculty of Business and Economics is the largest faculty in the university, with more than 1 7,000 students enrolled over five Australian campuses at Berwick, Coalfield, Clayton, Spalding and Peninsula, as well as in Malaysia and South Africa.In addition to a diverse range of undergraduate bachelors degrees, the faculty offers a comprehensive range of graduate courses including an executive certificate, graduate certificates and diplomas, masters degrees by coursework and research, the Master of Business Administration, the Doctor of Business Administration, the Master of Philosophy and the Doctor of philosophy. Courses are delivered on campus, usually through lectures, tutorials and Web Vista, while officious students are catered for by distance education. The Dean and the main faculty office are located on the Coalfield campus.In addition, there are faculty staff located at the other campuses. Go to http:// move. Busses. Monish. Deed. AU/student/contact/ for location and contact details. 1 . 33 Departments and centers The Business and Economics faculty is subdivided into organizations that are responsible for particular areas of knowledge. There are six departments and two research centers. The departments are: Accounting and Finance, Business Law and Taxation, Econometrics and Business Statistics, Economics, Management, and Marketing. The research centers are: Centre of Policy Studies, and Centre for Health Economics.They cover fields of study including accounting, banking, business law, business statistics, economics, econometrics, finance, international business, management, human resource management, marketing, taxation and tourism. Whatever your major or areas of study it is essential that you have an understanding of each of the disciplines and how they interact with each other in the overall operations of business organization. 1 . 3. 4 Aims for learning at Monish University and in the Faculty of Business and Economics The university and the faculty recognize the needs of students for their lives following graduation.As a Monish graduate you will be operating in a globalizes and rapidly-changing world, and the university and faculty aim to develop in students attributes beyond the ability to understand and operate competently with course and unit content. The aims are that students will develop in ways that will enable them to: Engage in an internationalists and increasingly globalizes world; Engage in discovery, analysis, integration and application for problem solving and learning with knowledge; Communicate competently orally and in writing across cultures and settings, including their specific disciplines.As you undertake your studies, you will notice an emphasis on these attributes and you will be engaged in activities and tasks to help you develop them. In the following chapters of this guide, we explain the influences of these attributes on your approach to study. 1 . 3. 5 Units Each department offers a wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate units. In a three-year undergraduate degree, there are twenty-four units, with our units to be taken in each semester (part-time students would normally undertake two units each semester). The unit leader or coordinator is responsible for the administration of the particular unit. You can consult with your unit leader, and or coordinator in larger units you may also consult with the other lecturers and tutors. 1 . 3. 6 Role of lecturers/tutors Lecturers and tutors have a key role as facilitators Of your learning. They are able and most willing to help you With your studies and can be contacted using your student email account. Their email addresses are located in the unit outline. Alternatively, academic staff can be contacted during their consultation hours which are often posted on their door or outside the main administration office. 1 . 3. 7 Role of on-line sources of information Monish has adopted a learning management system which provides you with access to on-line unit information. The web contains information that you need to know for the unit, both of an administrative nature as well as useful material for your studies. 2 1. 3. Role Of course directors/coordinators If you are encountering academic performance issues, course progression and similar problems you should initially discuss these with enrolment officers or course advisers. You may, occasionally, then be referred to course directors or course coordinators to help with these issues. Undergraduate students are referred to course directors or course coordinators by the faculty office and postgraduate students by departmental administration staff. If referred, course directors and coordinators are available during their consultation hours. . 3. 9 Additional important information The Undergraduate and Postgraduate Handbooks and the Student Resource Guide provide important information regarding various aspects of university life. The Student Resource Guide is distributed to all students at the time of initial enrolment and is available on-line at www. Monish. Deed. AU/pubs. It contains details of the university code of practice for teaching and learning, as well as grievance and appeals procedures. Further copies can be obtained from Student Service Centers on all campuses.An excellent resource for students is also available on-line via the student link on the Business and Economics Faculty website at http://www. Busses. Monish. Deed. AU/student/. The site contains links to important information regarding: courses and units, admissions and enrolments, schools and departments, exams and results, administration, study resources, calendars and timetables, IT and computing, support services, careers and employment, international students, and clubs and associations.Faculty expectations of student performance As students of the faculty, there are a number of units that you will study as part of your course. Although these units may have differing methods of assessment, the faculty has the following expectations of your behavior and performance. 1. 4. 1 Attendance and participation at lectures and tutorials Lectures and tutorials are central to your performance in the university. Lectures provide the material you require in order to understand the overall nature and direction of the unit.Important concepts and analysis can be emphasized by the lecturer and put into context for the student. Tutorials are a vital part Of your studies. They reinforce lecture material and provide you with an opportunity to discuss material presented in lectures, as well as to ask questions. Tutorials also provide you with the opportunity to develop your oral communication skills. The material presented is not designed to vive you one view on a topic but to facilitate your understanding of the issue under discussion.

Computer science ethics Essay Example For Students

Computer science ethics Essay The purpose of this article is to state the issues in computer ethics and the integration of these into the Information Technology curriculum. This article states the facts in an unbiased manner. It brings up points from both sides; the advocation of the ethics course and the probability that many of these issues wont even be relevant to your job. A systems analyst becomes aware of illegal activity- fraud, money laundering, tax evasion- at his company. After a late night of work, the analyst breaks the networks security code and examines confidential. A few days later, an envelope containing several thousand dollars appears on his desk(Pliagas, p.39 et seq.). This is one of the many scenarios that can be rationalized by computer ethics. Is it morally morally right to let these activities continue without someone stepping in? Is it right for the analyst for the analyst to break the security codes and find this information? Should he be prosecuted as well for hacking into the system? These are some of the questions rising up in computer ethics courses at universities and campuses during the course. Many people dont understand how ethics can be incorporated on the job. The issue that rises is, can certain people be trusted? (Pliagas, p.39 et seq) Nobody wants to work with a person that could hack into their personal files. Yet at the same, anyone could do this. That is why it ethics is important in society. It helps you to rationalize. Michael Cohen, a software architect, took the computer ethics course and believes that ethics is not needed. He has not encountered any ethical issues with his current job, however, he has only been working for a short time. His boss believes the opposite. In an attempt to keep track of certain individuals e-mail habits, he had to come up with a solution that wouldnt infringe on privacy. The company installed a system to warn management when an employee sends or receives a certain amount of e-mail to or from the same address (Pliagas, p.39, et seq). This was due to employees suspected of goofing off on company time. Ethically speaking, not working when you are supposed to is the same as stealing money from the company. Many universities are beginning to implement the ethics course into the into the computer science curriculum. George Mason University requires all computer science students to take a computer ethics course (Pliagas, p.39, et seq). I know this first hand, because it is a requirement for my degree. The argument for this change is they wont be aware how to handle these issues if they have never thought of them before (Pliagas, p. 39, et seq). However, common sense will tell you how to handle most of these situations when they are encountered. The quality of software developed is also an issue. The Y2k bug is an example of a software problem. It was not properly thought out and given the amount of time there was to prepare for it, an issue that should have been resolved 5-10 years earlier. Years ago, developers thought little about the future of their work: Would airplanes be able to fly? What would the financial ramifications be? This lack of foresight brought problems of global significance (Pliagas, p. 39, et seq). Computer ethics courses have had to change with the times. The main issues used to be equity, hacking, and security (Pliagas, p.39, et seq). It has to go further than that today. The idea in the classroom is that, students arrive with their own standards and ethics, this sparks discussion, and then the computer professionals code of ethics is introduced (Pliagras, p. .u28778fc45b0b7d9e8908e8eabe1691fe , .u28778fc45b0b7d9e8908e8eabe1691fe .postImageUrl , .u28778fc45b0b7d9e8908e8eabe1691fe .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u28778fc45b0b7d9e8908e8eabe1691fe , .u28778fc45b0b7d9e8908e8eabe1691fe:hover , .u28778fc45b0b7d9e8908e8eabe1691fe:visited , .u28778fc45b0b7d9e8908e8eabe1691fe:active { border:0!important; } .u28778fc45b0b7d9e8908e8eabe1691fe .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u28778fc45b0b7d9e8908e8eabe1691fe { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u28778fc45b0b7d9e8908e8eabe1691fe:active , .u28778fc45b0b7d9e8908e8eabe1691fe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u28778fc45b0b7d9e8908e8eabe1691fe .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u28778fc45b0b7d9e8908e8eabe1691fe .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u28778fc45b0b7d9e8908e8eabe1691fe .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u28778fc45b0b7d9e8908e8eabe1691fe .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u28778fc45b0b7d9e8908e8eabe1691fe:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u28778fc45b0b7d9e8908e8eabe1691fe .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u28778fc45b0b7d9e8908e8eabe1691fe .u28778fc45b0b7d9e8908e8eabe1691fe-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u28778fc45b0b7d9e8908e8eabe1691fe:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Matrix Review Essay39, et seq). Ethics should be a class taught in every class, to every major. I took an ethics course at a community college that I attended and it really affected my thought process. I became more open-minded and opinionated. One of the main points of the ethics class, is that hopefully errors will be self-caught before they turn into moral catastrophes (Pliagras, p.39, et seq). No matter what is done or taught, there will always be people who cross the line and disregard such boundaries (Pliagras, p.39, et seq). There will always be hackers .

Lehman Brothers Subprime Crisis free essay sample

Introduction The global financial crisis that erupted in September 2008 has thrown economies around the world into a recession. The root cause were sown in the credit boom that peaked in mid-2007, followed by the meltdown of sub-prime mortgages and securitized products. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were both taken over by the government and on September 24, 2008, Lehman Brothers declared bankruptcy after failing to find a buyer. The fall of Lehman Brothers rattled the global market and led to a great drop in the United States (U. S. ) stock market the day after the announcement. The sudden failure of Lehman Brothers is widely viewed as a watershed moment in the global financial crisis of 2007 – 2009. With over $639 billion in assets and $613 billion in liabilities, it is one of the largest bankruptcies in the history of U. S. (Mamudi, 2008). Lehman Brothers was founded in 1850 by three cotton brokers in Montgomery, Alabama. The firm moved to New York City after the Civil War and grew into one of Wall Street’s investment giants. We will write a custom essay sample on Lehman Brothers Subprime Crisis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Lehman Brothers is a global financial services firm; the fourth largest investment bank in the U. S. Lehman Brothers’ clients is big institutions, not small individuals. It is an innovator in global finance, serving the financial needs of corporations, governments, municipalities, institutional clients and high-net-worth individuals worldwide. Lehman Brothers investment banking operations accounted for just 20 per cent of the company’s 2007 revenue while most of its net revenue comes from fixed income sales and trading; about 40 per cent. Some of the different fixed income investments that Lehman Brothers deals with include derivatives and swaps, mortgage-backed securities and futures (Callan, n. d. ). However, the investment management business still provides the stable earning base because of its fee-based structure. This term paper will further look into the how Lehman Brothers started off as an investment bank began getting entangled to the subprime mortgages and how it led to its bankruptcy. Lessons from the downfall of Lehman Brothers and the causes and consequences of the collapse will be highlighted in this paper. Subprime Mortgage Crisis The subprime mortgage market lends money to people who don’t meet the credit scoring for ordinary mortgages. For example, a FICO score less than 620 will disqualify the applications from loans at the prime rate. Since subprime borrowers mostly have poor credit history or low incomes, there is a greater possibility that the debts won’t be paid. Thus, making subprime mortgages risky for lenders. Therefore, to compensate the added risk, banks and other lenders charge higher interest rates on subprime mortgages. This made subprime lending very lucrative. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have led the mortgage industry in the 1990s promoting home ownership amongst lower income borrowers. The growth of subprime mortgage market can be attributed to a number of factors. The lower interest rates which resulted in home mortgage payments inexpensive led to a large number of demands for houses. Figure 1 show, a prolonged period of low interest rates which led to raise in house prices that was completely abnormal by historical standards. Banks searched for a method to meet the ever-increasing demand for mortgages and hence realized the perceived great profit opportunities in the real estate market. This prompted the innovation and design of new financial instruments and organizations such as securitized mortgage loans – mortgage backed securities (MBS), asset-backed securities (ABS) and collaterized debt obligations (CDOs) (Knutsen, 2011). As real estate prices rose in the early years of this decade and securitization provided more working capital for mortgage, lenders relaxed their underwriting criteria in order to issue more mortgages (Kirk, n. . ). During the refinancing boom from 2001 to 2003, interest rates fell, borrowing demand increased, mortgage lenders expanded their businesses, and new lenders entered the market (Krinsman, 2007). Figure 2 shows the significant increased in subprime lending from 2004 to 2006. With the U. S. housing boom well under way, Lehman Brothers acquired five mortgage lenders; including subprime lender BNC Mortgage. BNC is ranked as one of the nation’s top 100 mortgage lenders and the eighth largest wholesale subprime lender (Mortgage info, 2007). BNC Mortgage, as the subsidiary of Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. ecame the biggest underwriter of U. S. bonds backed by mortgages. As securitization of mortgages increased, the investment banks urged the mortgage lending industry to increase their loan volumes. However, on August 22, 2007, Lehman Brothers decided to close down its subprime-lending unit; BNC Mortgage, causing about 1,200 employees to lose their jobs (Onaran, 2007). Figure 2: The downfall of Lehman Brothers Until 2007, Lehman Brothers has generated a significant portion of its revenue through the issuance of mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities. Lehman Brothers had grown increasingly reliant on its fixed income trading and underwriting division which served as the primary engine for its strong growth throughout the first half of the decade as shown in Exhibit 1 (Stowell, 2010). When the collapse of the U. S. subprime mortgage industry started, it result in credit crisis and the mortgage default rates began to rise and the demand for these securities began to disappear. Lehman Brothers was left with billions of dollars of rapidly depreciating securities on its balance sheet, forcing it to take large write downs and write-offs (Callan, n. d). As the credit crisis reupted in August 2007 with the failure of two Bear Stearns hedge funds due to a lack of confidence in its subprime mortgage holdings, Lehman Brothers’ stock fell sharply. As Lehman Brothers is one of the major players in the subprime lending, it faced a huge difficulty when the housing bubble burst. Lehman Brothers underwrote a huge amount of MBSs, accumulating an $85 billion portfolio, four times its shareholders equity (Investopedia, 2011). House prices began to decline while short-term interest rates rose and borrowers found themselves unable to pay higher monthly payments by refinancing began to default. The decline in mortgage payments also reduces the value of mortgage-backed securities which erodes the net worth and financial health of banks. Lehman Brothers suffered huge losses accrued in lower-rated mortgage-backed securities throughout 2008 (Anderson Dash, 2008). Another cause of the downfall could be due to the extremely high level of leverage and short-term debt financing. Lehman Brothers significantly increased its leverage over the same timeframe, going from a debt-to-equity ratio of 23. 7 times in 2003 to 35. times in 2007 as shown in Figure 3 (Stowell, 2010). While commercial banks are regulated and cannot leverage their equity more than 15 to 1, Lehman Brothers had a leverage of more than 30 to 1. So, as the leverage increased, the ongoing erosion of the mortgage-backed security industry began to impact Lehman Brothers greatly. In turn, the instability created by the leverage problem was aggravated by Lehman Brothers’ large use of short-term debt which financed m ore than 50 per cent of the asset shown in Figure 4 (Zingales, 2008). After the beginning of the crisis, Lehman Brothers tried to reduce its leverage and reduce its reliance on short-term debt, but it was a little too late. Lehman Brothers, the 158-year-old investment bank finally announced the largest Chapter 11 filing in U. S. history, listing assets of $639 billion and liabilities of $768 billion in September 2008. However, before the filing of Chapter 11, Lehman Brothers was said to be using an â€Å"accounting gimmick† to make it appear as if it had off-loaded risky assets and reduced its balance sheet during the height of the financial crisis. This gimmick is known as a â€Å"Repo 105†. This allows Lehman Brothers to use the booking of repurchase agreements as sales rather than temporary transactions (Evanson, 2010). Exhibit 1:   Lehman Brothers’ Financial Performance Since 1999 Source: Stowell (2010) Figure 3: Increase in leverage among investment banks Figure 4: Lehman Brothers Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity Source: Lehman Annual Report Consequences and Lessons Lehman Brothers’ global footprint meant that thousands of financial market participants were directly impacted by its collapse. Numerous aftershocks were felt throughout the world resulting from numerous cross-border and cross-entity interdependencies. Lehman Brothers’ insolvency has resulted in more than 75 separate and distinct bankruptcy proceedings (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2009). Lehman Brothers’ collapse has forced the market to reassess risk. There are many lessons learnt from the collapse of Lehman Brothers is the internal management structure of the company. Advice from Darryl Steinberg, the managing director and senior tax counsel to Lehman Brothers is for in-house tax professionals to be involved with the firm’s business managers from the outset. He said â€Å"Assisting with the firms organisation and structural planning and providing tax-sensitive input in establishing best business practices at the same time as the creation of those business operations is imperative in the highly regulated business world of today† (Snowdon, Steinberg, ; Lippman, 2009). Global rating agencies were widely condemned as being asleep on the job or being compromised by a system where their revenue derived from the very firms they were assessing. Closer supervision was called by the European Commission to ensue the publication of high quality credit ratings in the future (Allen, 2009). Finally, from this event, all banks should learn that nothing can be taken for granted. When there is signal of warning that the company might be in financial danger, the bank must take heed. References Allen, C. (2009). Lesson learned: one year after Lehman. Global Investor, 15 – 19. Anderson, J. ; Dash, E. (2008, August 28). For Lehman, more cuts and anxiety. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www. nytimes. com/2008/08/29/business/29wall. html? em Evanson, D. (2010, April 12). Lessons from the collapse of Lehman Brothers. TheStar Online. Retrieved from http://biz. thestar. com. my/news/story. asp? ile=/2010/4/12/business/6017192;sec=business Investopedia. (2011). Case study: the collapse of Lehman Brothers. Retrieved May 4, 2011, from http://www. investopedia. com/articles/economics/09/lehman-brothers-collapse. asp Kirk, E. (n. d. ). The â€Å"subprime mortgage crisis†: An overview of the crisis and potential exposure. Retrieved May 3, 2011, from www. rli-epg. com/articles/Subprime-Mortgage-Crisis. pdf Knutsen, S. (2011). Why did â€Å"it† happen again? The American subprime crisis compared with the Norwegian banking crisis 1987-92. Past, present and policy: 4th International Conference. Retrieved from www. epr. org/meets/wkcn/1/1730/papers/KnutsenFinal. pdf Krinsman, A. (2007). Subprime mortgage meltdown: How did it happen and how will it end? The Journal of Structured Finance, 13(2), 1 – 9. Mamudi, S. (2008, September 15). Lehman folds with record $613 billion debt. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://www. marketwatch. com/story/lehman-folds-with-record-613-billion-debt? siteid=rss Mortgage Info. (2007). BNC Mortgage Inc. Retrieved May 3, 2011, from http://www. mortgage-info. us/lender_bnc_mortgage. htm Onaran, Y. (2007, August 22). Lehman Brothers shuts down subprime unit, fires 1,200. Bloomberg. Retrieved from http://www. bloomberg. com/apps/news? pid=newsarchive;sid=a87FPr78qX9w mp;amp;refer=news Snowdon, C. , Steinberg, D. , ; Lippman, M. (2009). Managing the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers. International Tax Review, (49), 3 – 6. Stowell, D. (2010). Investment banking in 2008 (B): A brave new world. An Introduction to Investment Banks, Hedge Funds, and Private Equity, 403 – 417. Zingales, L. (2008). Causes and effects of the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy. Retrieved from http://www. scribd. com/doc/11096014/Causes-and-Effects-of-the-Lehman-Brothers-Bankruptcy

The Cause Essay Sample Is an Excellent Way to Understand an Intro to Essay Topic

The Cause Essay Sample Is an Excellent Way to Understand an Intro to Essay TopicThe cause essay is a great writing technique for college and high school students, but it is also useful in many situations where the writer needs to write a concise summary of some topic that is important to them. For example, if you're an English major writing an essay on the topic of literature, you can use the cause essay sample to help you remember and think about what it is that you are writing about.Because this essay is supposed to be used as a general topic, you don't have to worry about doing research. There isn't any real depth or meaning in the topic, so everything is going to be used as a guideline for the outline that will lead into the body of the essay. For example, it's easy to get sidetracked by all the wonderful world-building that you're going to read about; therefore, you'll want to make sure that you take your time before you start reading.If you have enough time to read, you can loo k up more information in a more informative way by reading something related to the topic that you're currently focusing on. This is not an effective way to use a cause essay sample. You want to move on from the introduction to the body, not dwell on it.When you are working with the cause essay sample, it's easier to use a preface at the beginning to sum up what the essay is about. Then you can go over all the information again later to make sure that you still understand what the essay is about. It also helps to start out with a conclusion that will answer the question that you're trying to answer.To summarize, the cause essay is a way to summarise a general topic for you to think about what your overall objective is for your essay. If you've taken the time to sit down and write the theme and outline of your essay, it's also a good idea to take the time to work over your thesis statement. By putting your overall thesis down in the body of the essay, you're able to refer back to it at any time to help you remember your writing style.It's important to remember that a thesis statement doesn't exist in the essay format. You'll find that the cause essay sample is very similar to the thesis statement used in academic essays, but there is an added twist. It's always better to read the cause statement over before starting to write your essay, so that you can make sure that you understand it. By doing this, you won't have any problems trying to make sense of your essay later.It's also possible to use the cause essay sample as a means of summarising your thesis statement. All that you need to do is to open your sample essay and you'll see that there is a table that will show you which chapters and sentences contain what keywords. These keywords are important because they will give you a way to easily remember what you're looking for. The last thing that you want to do is to waste time or effort researching keywords that aren't relevant to your topic.With these three ti ps, you'll be well on your way to understanding what this basic introduction to essay writing is all about. By using the cause essay sample as a guide, you'll be able to produce an effective outline, easily work over your thesis statement, and provide yourself with the knowledge that you need to help you in your essay. Now go create a great introduction to your paper and start writing!